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bile Substance that contains bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol, and bile pigments such as bilirubin, is
stored in the gallbladder, and is dumped into the small intestine on the arrival of the food.
bile salts Help to mechanically digest fat by emulsifying it into small droplets contained in water.
binary fission Mechanism by which prokaryotic cells divide. The cell elongates and pinches into two
new daughter cells.
binomial system of classification System created byLinnaeus in which each species is given a two-word
name: Genus + species (e. g., Homo sapiens).
biogeochemical cycles Cycles that represent the movement of elements, such as nitrogen and
carbon, from organisms to the environment and back in a continuous cycle.
biomass pyramid Biomass represents the cumulative weight of all of the members at a given trophic
level.
biome The various geographic regions of the earth that serve as hosts for ecosystems.
biosphere The entire life-containing area of a planet—all ecosystems and communities.
biotic components Living organisms of an ecosystem.
biotic potential The maximum growth rate for a population given unlimited resources, unlimited
space, and lack of competition or predators.
birth rate Offspring produced per a specific time period.
bivalves Mollusks with hinged shells such as oysters and clams.
blastula As a morula undergoes its next round of cell divisions, fluid fills its center to create this hollowlooking
structure.
“blending” hypothesis Theory that the genes contributed by two parents mix as if they are paint
colors and the exact genetic makeup of each parent can never be recovered; the genes are as inseparable
as blended paint.
bottleneck A dramatic reduction in population size that increases the likelihood of genetic drift.
bronchi Tunnels that branch off the trachea that lead into the individual lungs and divide into smaller
branches called bronchioles.
bronchioles Tiny lung tunnels that branch repeatedly until they conclude as tiny air pockets containing
alveoli.
brush border Large numbers of microvilli that increase the surface area of the small intestine to
improve absorption efficiency.
bryophytes The first land plants to evolve from the chlorophytes. Members of this group include
mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
bundle sheath cells Cells that are tightly wrapped around the veins of a leaf. They are the site for the
Calvin cycle in C4 plants.
C4 photosynthesis Photosynthetic process that alters the way in which carbon is fixed to better deal with
the lack of CO2 that comes from the closing of the stomata in hot, dry regions.
C4 plant Plant that has adapted its photosynthetic process to more efficiently handle hot and dry conditions.
Calvin cycle A name for the light-independent (dark) reactions of photosynthesis.
CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) photosynthesis
Plants close their stomata during the day, collect CO2 at night, and store the CO2 in the form
of acids until it is needed during the day for photosynthesis.
capsid A protein shell that surrounds genetic material.
carbohydrate Organic compound used by the cells of the human body in energy-producing reactions
and as structural material. The three main types of carbohydrates are monosaccharides, disaccharides,
and polysaccharides.
carbon cycle The movement of carbon from the atmosphere to living organisms and back to the
environment in a continuous cycle.
carbon fixation The attachment of the carbon from CO2 to a molecule that is able to enter the Calvin
cycle, assisted by rubisco.
carbonyl group A functional group that is hydrophilic and polar. It has a central carbon connected to
R groups on either side. If both Rs are carbon chains, it is a ketone. If one R is a hydrogen and the
other a carbon chain, it is an aldehyde. carboxyl group An acidic functional group (COOH).
This functional group shows up along with amino groups in amino acids.
cardiac muscle Involuntary muscle of the heart that is striated in appearance and contains multiple
nuclei.
carnivore A consumer that obtains energy and nutrients through consumption of other animals.
carotenoid A photosynthetic pigment.
carrying capacity The maximum number of individuals a population can sustain in a given
environment.
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